双语•智库 | 世界在走向分裂还是团结？快速读懂第72届联大

作为智库型研究与资讯平台，译世界【官方微信号译·世界（YEEWORLD）】现推出“智库”栏目，以中英双语的形式为您精选全球重要智库及著名媒体等在语言服务、文化交流、人工智能、公共政策、国际关系等相关领域的前沿研究成果，并同时展现相关英文表达，欢迎关注！

本期智库文章选自国际知名智库英国海外发展研究所[Overseas Development Institute (ODI) (United Kingdom)]，并对相关背景材料进行了补充。

The 72nd session of the UN General Assembly opened its general debate today on 19 September. The annual debate is taking place on the theme, ‘Focusing on People—Striving for Peace and a Decent Life for All on a Sustainable Planet.’

9月19日，第72届联合国大会一般性辩论拉开帷幕。此次年度辩论的主题是“聚焦人民：为在可持续的星球上所有人的和平与体面生活而努力”。

In advance of the debate, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres presented his annual ‘Report on the work of the Organization (A/72/1)’. UNGA 72 President Miroslav Lajčák delivered the keynote opening speech, to be followed by monarchs, presidents, prime ministers and other high-level speakers throughout the week.

辩论开始前，联合国秘书长安东尼奥•古特雷斯发表了联合国年度工作报告（A/72/1）。大会主席米罗斯拉夫•莱恰克作开幕式主旨发言，在接下来的一周内，各国君主、主席、首相和其他高级官员将发表讲话。

▲大会主席米罗斯拉夫•莱恰克

The 2017 General Debate runs through 25 September. A series of high-level events will take place throughout the week, including Global Goals Week and Climate Week NYC 2017.

2017年联合国大会一般性辩论将于9月25日闭幕，为期一周。期间会举办一系列高端活动，如“全球目标周”和“2017年纽约气候周”等。

Leaders are expected to address a range of issues in their remarks, ranging from implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on climate change to conflicts, migration and the refugee crisis.

各国领导人将在发言中阐述一系列问题，从可持续发展目标的实施和关于气候变化的《巴黎协定》，到冲突、移民问题和难民危机等，都将一一涉及。

据此，海外发展研究所执行理事Alex Their发表了相关分析 ↓

Alex Thier

“海外发展研究所”智库执行董事。曾任美国国际开发署（USAID）高级官员，从美国Triple Helix咨询公司离开后，于2017年1月加入“海外发展研究所”智库。

Will new faces at UNGA 72 reform or wreck the UN?
第72届联大的新面孔将会改进还是摧毁联合国？

Is the world falling apart? Or are we banding together, despite our differences, to solve common problems? We might find out this week in New York, where world leaders are making their annual pilgrimage to the United Nations General Assembly for speeches and summitry.

我们这个世界正在分崩离析？还是各国摒弃差异，携手应对共同面对的问题？或许本周我们可以在纽约找到答案，世界各国领导人齐聚于此，在一年一度的联合国大会上发表演讲，参加首脑会议。

The big news this year won’t be a grand new agreement, but who is on the dais. The UN has a new Secretary-General, António Guterres, who has vowed to make UN a leaner, more effective organisation focused on the fundamentals of the UN charter – peace and security, and building resilient societies that leave no one behind. Our work suggests that this ‘sustaining peace’ agenda could be a powerful tool for a world confronting a series of inter-related crises: rising violence, rising inequality, rising temperatures and seas, and rising forced migration.

今年联大的亮点并非达成全新的协议，而是站在台上的讲者。联合国迎来了新任秘书长安东尼奥•古特雷斯，他宣称将让联合国组织变得更加精简高效，恪守《联合国宪章》基本原则——和平与安全，构建各国共同发展的强健社会。我们所开展的工作表明，这一“持久和平”的议程会成为全球应对各种危机的强有力工具，这些危机相互关联，包括不断加深的暴力、不平等、强制移民以及不断升高的气温和海平面。

▲联合国秘书长安东尼奥•古特雷斯

The other new face at the UN this year is US President Donald Trump, whose ‘America First’ dogma bears deep scepticism for multilateral cooperation in general, and the UN in particular. He has assailed the UN as, ‘just a club for people to get together, talk and have a good time. So sad!’ and said that, ‘The United Nations is not a friend of democracy. It’s not a friend to freedom. It’s not a friend even to the United States of America.’

本届联大出现的新面孔还有美国总统特朗普，他的“美国优先”主张是对多边合作，特别是对联合国的严重质疑。他抨击联合国“只是人们聚在一起谈天说地、享受美好时光的俱乐部。真悲哀！”，他还说“联合国不是民主和自由的朋友，更算不上是美国的朋友”。

▲美国总统特朗普

He also proposed cuts to UN funding that even members of his own party called ‘massive and just devastating’. Despite President Trump having also said that the UN has ‘great potential’ and that he was once ‘a big fan’, a blast of populist bombast from the world’s stage in New York will deepen the entropy that is tearing apart the post-second world war consensus that established the UN.

他还提出要削减联合国经费，就连他自己的政党成员都表示“数额巨大，令人震惊”。尽管特朗普总统曾表示联合国有“巨大潜力”，并且曾是联合国的“铁杆粉丝”，但他在纽约世界舞台上的民粹主义论调将会加深联合国的无序状态，使二战后基于共识而建立的联合国产生分裂。

The sad irony here is that the United Nations, from its founding until today, is deeply aligned with American values and policy objectives – including those of President Trump. Consider migration: UN policy has always been to support legal migration and uphold the rights of those fleeing violence and oppression. It also works vigorously to help refugees and displaced people to find employment and education, live productive lives, and to go back home when possible.

让人感到既悲哀又讽刺的是，联合国自成立之日起就与美国（包括特朗普总统）的价值观和政策目标保持高度一致。就拿移民问题来说，联合国的政策一贯是支持合法移民，并维护那些逃脱暴力和压迫的人的权利。它还积极帮助难民和流离失所的人找到工作、接受教育，过上丰裕的生活，并在适当的时机助其回家。

Over the last two years, ODI has been exploring the links between migration and these wider development outcomes, finding important and under-explored interrelationships that impact the achievement of all of the Sustainable Development Goals. International peacekeeping, disaster assistance, combatting piracy and slavery, addressing root causes of conflict and extremism – these are the things that have made the UN worthwhile despite its flaws, and which have substantially lifted the burden on the US and shared it across many nations.

在过去两年里，海外发展研究所一直在探索移民问题和这些更广泛的发展成果之间的联系，发现能够影响人们实现所有可持续发展目标的重要且未知的相互关系。尽管联合国还存在着不足，但维护国际和平、灾难援助、打击海盗和奴役、解决冲突和极端主义的根源——这些都使得联合国的存在具有价值，并且联合国还大大减轻了美国的负担，与许多国家共同承担着这些难题。

Indeed, as we saw following the announcement of the US’s withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accords, the world has shown that it can move forward without leadership from Washington. In the two years since the Sustainable Development Goals were agreed, some countries are forging ahead at a rapid pace to leave no one behind, while others are dragging their feet. Advancing individual opportunity in the hardest places is not only possible, but essential. UNGA 72 will be a critical opportunity to galvanise action – and many countries and private-sector leaders are pushing forward with forums sponsored by Bloomberg, the Gates Foundation, and the Guardian among others. Progress will go to those who get an early start.

其实正如我们在美国宣布退出巴黎气候协定后所看到的那样，没有华盛顿的领导力，世界依然能够前行。在可持续发展目标达成共识的这两年里，一些国家正在快速发展，齐头并进，而另一些国家则拖拖拉拉。在最艰难之处提升个人机会不仅是可行的，而且是必要的。第72届联大将是激励行动的一个重要机会——许多国家和私营部门的领导正在推进由彭博、盖茨基金会和卫报赞助的论坛。进步总是会青睐那些早做准备的人。

A partnership between António and Donald for reform on a few key issues could rescue the UN (and many disunited nations), save millions of lives and actually help an America struggling with its own demons. Sounds like a good deal to me.

如果安东尼奥与特朗普在一些重大事项改革上达成伙伴关系，将能够挽救联合国（和许多分裂国家），挽救数百万人的生命，实际上也帮助美国与自己的敌人斗争。真若如此，我觉得倒是个很好的交易。

延伸阅读

Forum for multilateral negotiation

多边谈判论坛

Established in 1945 under the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations. Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law.

联合国大会是根据《联合国宪章》于1945年设立的，它作为联合国主要的审议、政策制定和代表机关，占据着中心位置。大会由联合国所有193个会员国组成，为就《宪章》所涵盖的全部国际问题进行的多边讨论提供了一个独特的论坛。它还在制定标准和编纂国际法进程中发挥着重要作用。

The Assembly meets from September to December each year, and thereafter from January to August, as required, including to take up outstanding reports 49 33697 49 16545 0 0 1560 0 0:00:21 0:00:10 0:00:11 3818from the Fourth and Fifth Committees. Also during the resumed part of the session, the Assembly considers current issues of critical importance to the international community in the form of High-level Thematic Debates organized by the President of the General Assembly in consultation with the membership. During that period, the Assembly traditionally also conducts informal consultations on a wide range of substantive topics, including on UN reform-related matters.

大会每年9月至12月举行会议，其后1月至8月根据需要举行会议，包括处理第四委员会和第五委员会未完成的报告。另外，在会议续会期间，大会以大会主席同成员协商召集的高级别专题辩论形式，审议当前对国际社会至关重要的议题。在此期间，大会传统上还就包括联合国改革的有关事项在内的各种实质性议题进行非正式协商。

Functions and powers of the General Assembly

大会的职能和权力

The Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to States on international issues within its competence. It has also initiated actions—political, economic, humanitarian, social and legal—which have affected the lives of millions of people throughout the world. The landmark Millennium Declaration, adopted in 2000, and the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, reflect the commitment of Member States to reach specific goals to attain peace, security and disarmament along with development and poverty eradication; to safeguard human rights and promote the rule of law; to protect our common environment; to meet the special needs of Africa; and to strengthen the United Nations.

大会受权就其职权范围内的国际问题向各国提供建议。它还主动采取了各种行动——政治、经济、人道主义、社会和法律行动，这些行动影响到了全世界无数人的生活。2000年通过的具有里程碑意义的《千年宣言》以及2005年《世界首脑会议成果文件》，反映了会员国承诺达到具体目标，以便在取得发展和消除贫困的同时实现和平、安全和裁军，维护人权并促进法治，保护我们共同的环境，满足非洲的特殊需求，以及加强联合国。

In September 2015, the Assembly agreed on a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals, contained in the outcome document of the United Nations summit for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda (resolution 70/1).

2015年9月，大会商定了17项可持续发展目标，这些目标载于关于通过2015年后发展议程的联合国首脑会议成果文件(第70/1号决议)。

According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may:

根据《联合国宪章》，大会可：

●Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States;

审议和核准联合国预算，并确定各会员国的财政摊款；

●Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General;

选举安全理事会非常任理事国和联合国其他理事会和机关成员，并根据安全理事会的建议，任命秘书长；

●Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament;

审议合作维护国际和平与安全、包括进行裁军的一般原则，并就此提出建议；

●Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it;

讨论与国际和平与安全相关的任何问题，并就其提出建议，但涉及安全理事会正在商讨的争端或局势的情况除外；

●Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;

讨论《宪章》范围内的问题或影响到联合国任何机关的权力和职责的问题，并就其提出建议，但存在与上文相同的例外情形；

●Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields;

开展研究，提出建议，以促进国际政治合作、国际法的发展和编纂、人权和基本自由的实现，以及经济、社会、人道主义、文化、教育和健康领域的国际合作；

●Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries;

就可能损害国家间友好关系的任何局势提出和平解决的建议；

●Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs.

审议安全理事会和联合国其他机关的报告。

The Assembly may also take action in cases of a threat to the peace, breach of peace or act of aggression, when the Security Council has failed to act owing to the negative vote of a permanent member. In such instances, according to its “Uniting for peace” resolution of 3 November 1950, the Assembly may consider the matter immediately and recommend to its Members collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.

大会还可在安全理事会因一常任理事国投反对票而未能采取行动时，就威胁和平、破坏和平或侵略行为采取行动。在这种情况下，大会可根据其1950年11月3日的“联合一致共策和平”决议，立即审议有关事项，并向其会员提出采取集体措施的建议，以维护或恢复国际和平与安全。

The search for consensus

寻求共识

Each of the 193 Member States in the Assembly has one vote. Votes taken on designated important issues— such as recommendations on peace and security, the election of Security Council and Economic and Social Council members, and budgetary questions—require a two-thirds majority of Member States, but other questions are decided by a simple majority.

大会193个会员国各拥有一票。就所指定的重要问题——例如有关和平与安全问题的建议、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会成员的选举以及预算问题——进行的表决需要会员国三分之二多数票才能通过，而其他问题则以简单多数票决定。

In recent years, an effort has been made to achieve consensus on issues, rather than deciding by a formal vote, thus strengthening support for the Assembly’s decisions. The President, after having consulted and reached agreement with delegations, can propose that a resolution be adopted without a vote.

近年来，已采取努力就各种问题达成共识，而不是以正式表决加以决定，从而加强了对大会决定的支持。主席在与各代表团咨商并达成一致之后，可提议不经表决通过一项决议。

英文来源：海外发展研究所智库（ODI）、联合国官网、国际可持续发展研究所（IISD）官网

“延伸阅读”部分中文来源：联合国官网

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